Diabetes in adults: causes, symptoms, and treatment methods

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases among adults worldwide, characterized by high blood sugar levels due to a defect in insulin production or utilization. Dr. Wafaa Shawkat, an endocrinology specialist, confirms that proper disease management can improve patients’ quality of life and reduce serious complications.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a health condition where the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar levels, and it is divided into two main types:

• Type 1 Diabetes: where the pancreas fails to produce insulin.

• Type 2 Diabetes: where the body does not use insulin properly or does not produce enough; this is the most common type among adults.

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults

Risk factors increasing the likelihood of developing diabetes include:

• Obesity and overweight

• Lack of physical activity

• Family history of diabetes

• High blood pressure and cholesterol

• Aging

• Unhealthy diet and poor eating habits

• Certain health conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Symptoms of Diabetes in Adults

Dr. Wafaa Shawkat explains that diabetes symptoms may develop gradually, including:

• Excessive thirst and frequent urination

• Unexplained weight loss

• Persistent fatigue

• Slow healing of wounds

• Blurred vision

• Frequent skin and bladder infections

Diagnosis of Diabetes

Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests measuring glucose levels, such as:

• Fasting blood glucose test

• Oral glucose tolerance test

• Hemoglobin A1c test to assess average blood sugar over the past three months

Treatment of Diabetes in Adults

Treatment focuses on controlling blood sugar levels and preventing complications, including:

• Lifestyle modification: adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a proper weight.

• Medications: may include oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin injections depending on the patient’s condition.

• Regular monitoring: routine tests to track blood sugar and organ function.

• Health education: understanding the disease and how to manage it effectively.

Dr. Wafaa Shawkat’s Advice for Patients

• Adhere to a balanced and varied diet.

• Engage in regular appropriate physical activity.

• Monitor blood sugar levels regularly and follow medical instructions.

• Avoid smoking and reduce psychological stress.

• Report any new symptoms promptly.

Complications of Diabetes

If not well controlled, diabetes can lead to serious complications such as:

• Cardiovascular diseases

• Kidney disease

• Nerve damage (neuropathy)

• Vision problems up to blindness

• Frequent infections and delayed wound healing