Memory Disorders: Are They Psychological or Neurological?

Many people experience memory problems, ranging from occasional forgetfulness to more serious forms of memory loss or dementia.
One of the most common questions is: Are memory disorders caused by psychological factors or neurological conditions?
In this article, Dr. Sara Michel Basily, psychiatrist and behavioral therapy specialist, explains the connection between brain health and mental well-being, the causes of memory disorders, and how they are diagnosed and treated.

 What Are Memory Disorders?

Memory disorders refer to disruptions in the ability to retain or recall information. These can be:

• Temporary – due to stress, lack of sleep, or emotional trauma

• Chronic – as seen in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia

 Are the Causes Psychological or Neurological?

 Neurological Causes

These involve organic damage to brain regions responsible for memory, such as:

• Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias

• Traumatic brain injuries or strokes

• Brain tumors or infections

• Lack of oxygen or vitamin B12 deficiency

• Epilepsy or chronic neurological conditions

 Psychological Causes

Dr. Sara Michel Basily emphasizes that in many cases, memory issues are purely psychological, such as:

• Major depressive disorder (affecting focus and memory)

• Chronic anxiety

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

• Dissociative disorders (leading to sudden memory gaps)

In such cases, there is no physical brain damage—the issue lies in emotional or cognitive processing.

 How to Differentiate the Two?

Diagnosis involves:

• Comprehensive psychiatric and neurological assessment

• Blood tests and brain imaging (MRI or CT scans)

• Evaluating associated symptoms: Is there depression, behavioral change, or was the memory loss sudden or progressive?

 How Are Memory Disorders Treated?

1. Neurological Cases:

• Medications for the underlying cause (e.g., Alzheimer’s drugs)

• Cognitive rehabilitation and memory exercises

• Regular follow-up with a neurologist

2. Psychological Cases:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications if needed

• Supportive psychotherapy and lifestyle adjustments

• Addressing trauma or emotional stressors

 A Word from Dr. Sara Michel Basily:

“Not every case of forgetfulness is Alzheimer’s. Sometimes, it's hidden behind deep emotional stress or untreated depression. Accurate diagnosis is the first step toward effective treatment—whether the cause is neurological or psychological.”