Cataracts in the Eye Simple Causes and Treatment

Cataracts in the eye are a common problem that many people face, especially as they get older. Simply put, it is a condition that makes the eye’s lens cloudy instead of being clear, which affects vision and makes it blurry or unclear. At first, a person may notice slight changes in their vision, but over time, the problem worsens and starts to affect daily activities like reading or driving. In this Dalili Medical article, we will cover everything about cataracts, from their causes and symptoms to the latest treatment methods, which have become much easier and safer.

What Are Cataracts?

Cataracts, medically known as "cataract," occur when the eye's lens becomes cloudy instead of remaining transparent as it should. This lens, located behind the pupil, focuses light onto the retina for clear vision. When it becomes cloudy, vision becomes blurry and deteriorates over time.

Symptoms of Cataracts

At first, symptoms may be mild but gradually worsen over time. The most common symptoms include:

Frequent changes in prescription glasses, requiring updates more often than usual.
Colors appearing faded or dull.
Increased sensitivity to light, especially in bright sunlight or while driving at night.
Blurred vision, even with the correct eyeglasses.
Feeling like you are looking through a foggy window.
Seeing halos around lights.
In some cases, double vision in one eye.

Causes of Cataracts

1. Aging

As people age, the eye’s lens naturally becomes cloudy. This is the most common cause of cataracts, typically occurring between the ages of 55 and 80, much like hair turning gray over time.

2. Genetic Factors

Some individuals have a hereditary predisposition to developing cataracts at a younger age.

3. Eye Injuries and Accidents

A direct blow to the eye from an accident or sports injury can lead to cataract formation.

4. Exposure to Harmful Radiation

Prolonged exposure to sunlight without protective eyewear can increase the risk of cataracts.

5. Chronic Diseases

Diabetes: Can cause cataracts to develop earlier than usual.
Chronic Eye Infections: Such as uveitis, can contribute to cataract formation.

6. Long-Term Use of Certain Medications

Steroid medications, when used for extended periods, can lead to cataract development.

Types of Cataracts

There are different types of cataracts depending on their cause and location in the eye lens. The main types include:

1. Age-Related Cataracts (Cortical Cataract)

The most common type, occurring due to aging.
Begins at the edges of the lens and gradually spreads to the center, affecting vision over time.

2. Nuclear Cataracts

Forms in the center (nucleus) of the lens.
Initially, it may seem like near vision is improving, but over time, vision becomes blurry.

3. Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts

Develops at the back of the lens.
Significantly affects near vision and causes high sensitivity to bright light.
Progresses quickly compared to other types.

4. Congenital Cataracts

Present at birth or develops during early childhood.
Can be due to genetic factors or infections during pregnancy, such as rubella.

5. Secondary Cataracts

Caused by diseases like diabetes or prolonged use of steroid medications.

6. Traumatic Cataracts

Results from direct injury or trauma to the eye.

Diagnosis of Cataracts

Diagnosing cataracts involves several tests, including:

Standard Vision Test: Determines how much vision is affected.
Slit-Lamp Examination: Uses a magnifying device to closely examine the lens.
Eye Pressure Measurement: Ensures there are no additional conditions like glaucoma.
Retinal Examination: Performed after dilating the pupil to check the retina for other eye conditions.

Complications of Cataracts

If left untreated for a long time, cataracts can cause:

Severe vision impairment, making daily activities difficult.
Double vision, affecting balance and movement.
Increased eye pressure (glaucoma), due to the thickened lens pressing on other parts of the eye.
Complete blindness if the lens becomes fully opaque.
Eye infections in extreme cases.

Treatment of Cataracts

When Is Surgery Necessary?

Previously, doctors would wait until cataracts significantly impaired vision before performing surgery. However, modern cataract surgery is quick and safe, often performed as an outpatient procedure without requiring hospital stays.

Surgery is necessary if:

Vision becomes too weak to be corrected with glasses.
Night driving becomes difficult due to glare from lights.
Double vision or halos around lights interfere with daily activities.
Reading or watching TV becomes challenging.

Should You Wait Until It Gets Worse?

No! Early treatment makes surgery easier and improves success rates. Modern cataract surgery is performed under local anesthesia with a tiny incision, boasting a 95% success rate and quick recovery time.

How to Prevent Cataracts?

While cataracts cannot be entirely prevented, you can reduce the risk by:

Wearing sunglasses to protect your eyes from UV rays.
Eating a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, such as carrots, spinach, and nuts.
Avoiding long-term steroid use unless prescribed by a doctor.
Managing diabetes effectively.
Regular eye check-ups, especially after age 40.

Conclusion

Cataracts are a common but treatable condition, especially with advancements in modern surgery. If you notice changes in your vision, consult an eye doctor promptly to maintain healthy eyesight. Taking simple steps like regular eye exams can help prevent serious vision problems in the future!

The doctor who specializes in treating cataracts is an ophthalmologist, preferably one specialized in eye surgery and vision correction. They are responsible for diagnosing the condition and performing surgery if needed.

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