Causes of hair fungus in children and methods of treatment and prevention

Scalp fungus, also known as tinea capitis, is a fungal skin infection that affects the scalp and hair, and it is more common in children. This infection can cause hair loss, itching, and scalp inflammation. In this Dalili Medical article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of scalp fungus.

Types of Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

One of the most common causes of scalp fungal infections in children is scalp ringworm (Tinea Capitis), which affects the scalp and hair, especially in children with weak immune systems. These fungi can spread to the eyebrows and eyelashes, causing hair breakage and scalp flaking. If left untreated, it may lead to permanent hair loss. There are three main types of fungi that infect children's hair:

1. Trichophyton tonsurans

This is the most common type affecting children.
It invades the hair shaft from the inside without damaging the outer scalp layer.
It causes hair breakage but leaves the hair root intact.

2. Microsporum canis

This type is common in children who come into contact with infected animals.
It affects the hair root, causing oval-shaped scaly patches with raised edges on the scalp.
If the immune system reacts aggressively, it can cause inflammation in the scalp, leading to hair loss.

3. Trichophyton schoenleinii

This is a rare type but appears as thick crusts around the hair root.
It is often misdiagnosed as psoriasis due to its similar appearance.

Stages of Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

Early Stage: The fungus begins by infecting the dead skin on the scalp, penetrating the outer layers of the skin, hair, and nails.
After 12-14 Days: The infection starts affecting the hair, making it weak and brittle. The first visible signs of a fungal infection appear on the scalp.

Symptoms of Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

Symptoms vary from child to child, but they typically include:

Bald patches in the affected areas.
Black dots or red scaly patches on the scalp.
Intense itching that causes discomfort.
Noticeable hair loss.
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck due to inflammation.
Hair appears shorter in the infected areas compared to the rest of the head.
Severe cases: Boils and infections may develop, and if left untreated, the condition could lead to alopecia (hair loss disorder).

Natural Herbal Remedies for Treating Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

Herbs can be a helpful complementary treatment for scalp fungal infections in children, but they should be used cautiously and under medical supervision.

Turmeric

A powerful antifungal and anti-inflammatory agent that reduces itching and irritation.

How to use:
Mix a small amount of turmeric powder with water to form a paste and apply it to the affected area daily for the best results.

Garlic

Effective in fighting fungal infections and preventing their spread.

How to use:
Crush garlic cloves and mix them with olive oil. Apply the mixture to the scalp for 30 minutes, then rinse with lukewarm water.

Neem Leaves

Known for their ability to protect the skin and hair from fungal infections and scalp inflammation.

How to use:
Boil neem leaves in water, let them cool, and use the water as a natural scalp rinse daily.

Ginger Tea ☕

Contains "gingerol," which has antifungal properties and helps treat infections.

How to use:
Give your child small amounts of warm ginger tea. If they dislike the taste, mix it with honey to improve the flavor.

Licorice

A natural anti-inflammatory that effectively treats fungal infections.

How to use:
Boil licorice powder in a cup of water until it forms a paste, then apply it to the scalp for 10-15 minutes before rinsing.

Warnings:

✅ Overuse of herbs or using them without a doctor’s advice can cause allergies or complications.
✅ Always test a small amount on the skin first. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.
✅ If the infection persists or worsens, consult a doctor.

Home Remedies for Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

If your child has a scalp fungal infection, you can try some natural home treatments to help ease the infection and speed up healing. However, always follow medical supervision.

Maintaining Scalp Hygiene

Wash your child's hair regularly with a mild medicated shampoo.
Dry the hair thoroughly after washing, as moisture promotes fungal growth.
Avoid sharing combs, hats, or towels to prevent spreading the infection.

Yogurt

Contains beneficial bacteria that help reduce fungal growth.

How to use:
Give your child a cup of plain, unsweetened yogurt daily.

Tea Tree Oil

A natural antifungal and anti-inflammatory agent.

How to use:
Mix two drops of tea tree oil with a teaspoon of olive oil and apply it to the scalp 3-4 times a day.

Apple Cider Vinegar

Well-known for its strong antifungal properties.

How to use:
Mix one tablespoon of apple cider vinegar with warm water, dip a cotton pad in the solution, and gently dab it onto the scalp three times a day.

Coconut Oil

A natural moisturizer and antifungal remedy that relieves itching and inflammation.

How to use:
Apply a small amount of coconut oil to the child's scalp three times daily.
For enhanced effectiveness, mix it with castor oil, which contains ricinoleic acid, a powerful antifungal agent. Leave it on for 30 minutes before rinsing. Repeat once a week.

Important Precautions:

Do not apply any oil or vinegar to open wounds on the scalp.
Always test the mixture on a small skin area first. If irritation occurs, stop using it.
If symptoms worsen or persist for a long time, consult a doctor immediately.

While home remedies can be helpful, medical treatment is often the fastest and most effective solution for severe infections.

Medications for Treating Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

In some cases, medical treatment is necessary, especially if the infection is severe or home and herbal remedies are ineffective. However, medication should always be prescribed by a doctor to ensure it is suitable for the child's condition.

1. Griseofulvin

The most commonly used treatment, especially for Microsporum canis infections.
Administration: Taken orally as a suspension.
Dosage: 15-25 mg/kg daily for 6 to 12 weeks.
Tip: Best taken with a fatty meal to improve absorption.
Advantages: Effective, affordable, and relatively safe.

2. Terbinafine

Used to treat Trichophyton tonuurans infections.
Shorter treatment duration compared to Griseofulvin (only 4 weeks).
Dosage: 4-5 mg/kg daily.
Disadvantages: More expensive and may have more side effects.
Advantages: Well-distributed in the skin, making it highly effective against scalp fungal infections.

3. Itraconazole

Effective against Trichophyton tonuurans infections.
Dosage: 5 mg/kg daily for 2 to 6 weeks.
Used for severe cases that do not respond to other treatments.

4. Fluconazole

Effective against Microsporum canis infections.
Dosage: 5-6 mg/kg daily for 4 to 6 weeks.
Advantages: Widely available and safe for children.

5. Corticosteroids

Used alongside antifungal medications to reduce inflammation and itching.
Example: Prednisolone (1 mg/kg daily) for one week only.

6. Antihistamines

Help relieve itching and discomfort caused by the infection.
Examples: Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine.

Important Warnings:

Never give your child any medication without consulting a doctor.
Follow the prescribed dosage and treatment duration to prevent antifungal resistance.
If side effects such as rash or digestive issues occur, stop the medication and see a doctor immediately.

Along with medical treatment, maintaining proper scalp hygiene, changing towels and pillowcases regularly, and avoiding sharing personal items is essential to prevent reinfection.

Topical Creams for Treating Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

If your child has scalp fungal infections, in addition to oral medications, a doctor may prescribe antifungal creams to aid treatment. However, it is essential to consult a doctor before using any cream on children to ensure safety and effectiveness.

1. Tolnaftate

Stops the growth and spread of scalp fungi in children.
Treatment duration: 4 to 6 weeks.

How to use:

Apply a small amount of the cream to the affected area morning and evening.

Warning: Always consult a doctor or pharmacist before using this cream for children.

2. Terbinafine

Highly effective against fungal infections but should be used under medical supervision for children.
Suitable for children up to 12 years old.

How to use:

Apply the cream to the affected area twice daily (morning and evening).
Treatment duration: 1 to 2 weeks.

Warning: Avoid using it on large areas of the scalp unless directed by a doctor.

Using topical antifungal creams alongside proper scalp hygiene, oral medication (if prescribed), and regular follow-ups can speed up recovery and prevent reinfection.

Tips for Using Antifungal Creams for Children's Scalp

✔️ Wash your hands thoroughly before and after applying the cream.
✔️ Avoid applying the cream on open wounds or severely inflamed areas.
✔️ Continue the treatment even if symptoms improve to prevent the fungus from returning.
✔️ If you notice redness, severe itching, or an allergic reaction, stop using the cream immediately and consult a doctor.

In addition to using creams, it's important to maintain proper scalp hygiene, change towels and pillowcases regularly, and prevent sharing personal items with others.

Preventing Scalp Fungal Infections in Children

Once your child's scalp fungus is treated, it's essential to prevent reinfection by following simple tips that reduce the risk of recurrence.

How to Protect Your Child from Scalp Fungal Infections

Keep the scalp clean and dry

After washing hair, thoroughly dry the scalp because fungi thrive in damp areas.
Allow the hair to air-dry naturally and avoid sleeping with wet hair.

Use an antifungal shampoo

Wash your child’s hair regularly.
If they have had a fungal infection before, use a medicated antifungal shampoo once or twice a week as a preventive measure.

Avoid sharing personal items

Do not share combs, brushes, towels, hats, or pillows, as fungi can easily spread through these objects.

Replace combs and brushes after treatment

Fungi can survive on combs and brushes, so it’s best to discard old ones and use a new set after treatment.

Wash clothes and bedding in hot water

Use hot water to wash clothes, towels, and bedsheets to eliminate any remaining fungi.

Avoid touching dirty or damp surfaces

Keep your child from touching unclean or damp areas, such as public swimming pools and gyms.
After playing outside, make sure they wash their hands thoroughly before touching their hair or face.

Check pets for infections

If you have a cat or dog, regularly check them for bald patches or scaly skin.
Take them to a veterinarian if you suspect they have a fungal infection since pets can transmit fungi to children.

Healthy diet = Strong immunity!

A balanced diet helps strengthen your child's immune system, reducing the risk of infections.
Encourage them to eat fruits and vegetables and limit sugary and starchy foods that can affect skin health.

Avoid excessive antibiotic use

Overuse of antibiotics weakens immunity, making the body more vulnerable to fungal infections.
Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a doctor.

Let the scalp breathe

Avoid letting your child wear hats or caps for long periods, as poor ventilation creates the perfect environment for fungal growth.

Which Doctor Treats Scalp Fungal Infections in Children?

The specialist who treats scalp fungal infections in children is a dermatologist (skin doctor).

When to see a doctor?
If your child has bald patches, flaky scalp, severe itching, or inflammation, it’s best to visit a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

In severe cases
If the fungal infection causes swelling, pus, or severe inflammation, the dermatologist may refer the child to a pediatrician to monitor their condition and prescribe additional medications, such as immune-boosting treatments or antibiotics if necessary.

By following these preventive measures and seeking medical advice when needed, you can protect your child from recurring scalp fungal infections and ensure their scalp remains healthy and infection-free!