Monkeypox: Everything You Need to Know About Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox, also known as simian pox, is a rare disease caused by the monkeypox virus. It is similar to smallpox but is not as fatal. Recently, monkeypox infections have increased worldwide, raising concerns about a possible global outbreak similar to COVID-19.

History and Spread of Monkeypox

Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958 during an outbreak of a pox-like disease among research monkeys, which led to the name "monkeypox." The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a 7-year-old child.

Before 2022, monkeypox cases were primarily reported in Central and West Africa. However, sporadic cases occurred in:

2003 in the United States
2018 in England
2021 in Texas and Maryland

In May 2022, the virus began spreading to non-endemic countries, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the US. Additionally, at least one case was reported in Switzerland, Denmark, and the Canary Islands.

Types of Monkeypox Virus

There are two main strains of the monkeypox virus:

Central African (Congo Basin) Monkeypox Virus:
- Causes more severe symptoms
- Has a higher fatality rate
- Spreads more easily
West African Monkeypox Virus:
- Causes milder symptoms
- Less likely to spread through human-to-human contact
- The current outbreak is mainly caused by this strain

Symptoms of Monkeypox

Early Symptoms (Especially in Children)

Fever
Fatigue
Back pain
Muscle aches
Chills
Swollen lymph nodes
General discomfort

Skin Rash

Appears 2-3 days after the onset of fever
Starts on the face and spreads to the hands, palms, and feet
The rash consists of fluid-filled blisters

Fever in Children

Higher than in adults
Requires monitoring, especially in young children

How Does Monkeypox Spread?

The virus can spread through:

Inhalation of virus particles
Direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or lesions of an infected person
Using contaminated bedding or personal items
Contact with infected animals

Symptoms typically appear 5 to 21 days after exposure.

How to Protect Children from Monkeypox?

Hand hygiene: Encourage frequent handwashing with soap and water or an alcohol-based sanitizer.
Avoid animal contact: Keep children away from potentially infected animals, especially sick ones.
Ensure proper food hygiene: Meat should be well-cooked.
Limit exposure to infected individuals: Avoid contact with anyone who has a fever or rash.
Avoid contaminated objects: Do not share bedding or personal items with infected individuals.

Treatment for Monkeypox

There is no specific cure for monkeypox, but supportive care helps manage symptoms.

Hydration and nutrition: Providing fluids and proper nutrition to maintain a strong immune system.
Antiviral medications: In 2022, the European Medicines Agency approved Tecovirimat, originally developed for smallpox, for monkeypox treatment. However, its effectiveness is still being studied.
Managing bacterial infections: Secondary bacterial infections should be treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Vaccination Against Monkeypox

Studies show that the smallpox vaccine is about 85% effective in preventing monkeypox. Those vaccinated against smallpox in the past may experience milder symptoms if infected.

Currently, two vaccines are available for monkeypox:

Jynneos (Imvanex/Imvamune): A two-dose vaccine with limited availability.
ACAM2000: A smallpox vaccine that can be used for monkeypox, but it has more side effects.

Conclusion

Monkeypox is a rare but concerning disease that has been spreading beyond its traditional regions. While the virus is not as deadly as smallpox, awareness, proper hygiene, and vaccination are key to preventing its spread. Scientists continue to study the virus to develop better treatments and containment strategies.

Staying informed and taking precautions can help reduce the risk of monkeypox infection.

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