Benefits and harms of qat and does it cause addiction


A sentence I read in an article about the khat drug caught my attention, which brought me back to memories of my trip to an Arab country known for growing this plant. The people of this country have become famous for chewing and smoking its leaves, as almost no social occasion is devoid of this habit, although it is considered prohibited in many other countries, which exposes its users to legal accountability. In the following lines of Dalili Medical, we will discuss the definition of khat, its components, types and harms, so follow this article with us. The benefits of khat have spread widely, especially in Yemen, and you may have heard about it and the many health benefits it provides that affect the psychological and physical state. However, before you decide to use it as one of the beneficial medicinal herbs, it is important to learn about its harms and benefits in detail, and whether it is considered an addictive drug, in addition to how to treat addiction to it.

*Is there an alternative to khat?**

 

If you want to quit khat, there is no natural or herbal alternative to it. The safest alternative is to engage in a professional addiction treatment program.

As for addictive alternatives to qat, the synthetic cathinone known as bath salts is considered one of the most dangerous options, as its risks far outweigh those of qat. Qat addicts often end up using more deadly drugs as an alternative to get high after the body adapts to qat, such as cocaine, meth, amphetamines, Captagon, and ecstasy. Therefore, qat use is considered a serious addiction disorder.

**Is qat addictive?**

 

Yes, qat can lead to addiction. Regular use of it can lead to the development of tolerance to the active compounds, meaning that a person needs larger amounts to get the same effect. Also, stopping its use suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia.

**Is qat similar to hashish?**

 

Qat is considered the first competitor to hashish as a natural drug in terms of popularity and prevalence, but it differs from it in the active ingredient. Hashish contains substances with a calming opioid effect, while qat is classified as a herb with different effects.

**Does qat affect sleep and weight?**

 

Qat is a stimulant and a stimulant that contributes to increased alertness and activity for a short period, but its effect quickly turns into a feeling of exhaustion, fatigue and lethargy. It also works to reduce appetite, which leads to sudden weight loss, which may cause malnutrition, weakness and imbalance of the body.

**Does swallowing qat cause harm?**

 

Qat is usually chewed and sucked, and then the remains are spat out. However, swallowing these remains may increase potential risks, especially to the digestive system. In general, swallowing qat juice can lead to health problems such as diabetes, blood pressure and heart problems.

**What are the causes of qat addiction?**

 

The main reason behind qat addiction is due to its similarity to vitamins, in addition to its stimulating effect that gives the body a feeling of activity and alertness. Qat is also characterized by its low cost compared to some other types of drugs, which contributed to its rapid spread among different groups.

What are the harms of qat on the reproductive system?

 

- It may lead to sexual weakness, which prevents a man from completing an intimate relationship with his partner.

- It causes severe pain during urination.

- It can lead to prostate enlargement.

- It contributes to a decrease in the level of testosterone in the blood.

**How ​​does qat addiction occur?**

 

Addiction occurs as a result of excessive consumption of qat without medical need or medical supervision, which leads to the appearance of a set of physical and psychological symptoms that indicate dependence on this drug.

**What is qat?**

 

Qat is a drug extracted from a green plant known as (Katha dulis), which contains alkaline substances that act as stimulants for the user. Fresh qat is green or greenish-brown in color, while its color turns yellowish-brown when it dries. Some may confuse it with marijuana. Qat can be consumed in many ways, such as chewing it as with tobacco, smoking it, or adding it to food. Qat consumption is addictive and requires treatment.

**The ruling on qat consumption in Islam**

 

It is necessary to understand the legal ruling on qat consumption. Many scholars have issued fatwas prohibiting it if the purpose is to obtain activity and euphoria. There is no doubt that qat, as explained, carries serious health and social harms that may threaten the lives of individuals, so it is considered a prohibited drug.

**Origin and spread:**

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1051 AD) is considered the first Arab physician to describe qat as a treatment in his book "Pharmacology and the Art of Treatment" (Al-Tahir, 1990 AD). Qat was also mentioned in the Arabic medical book "Complex Drugs" (1237 AD), where its author Najib al-Din al-Samarqandi described it as a treatment for depression due to the feelings of joy and excitement it causes (Al-Attas, 1981 AD). Most researchers believe that qat originated in Ethiopia, although it has been cultivated in Yemen for centuries. There are differences in the date of its introduction to Yemen (Al-Radhi, 1992). However, researchers agree that qat became part of Yemeni social customs in the thirteenth century AD (Al-Mutarrib, Baker and Broadley, 2002).

**Agriculture in Yemen:**

Qat (scientific name: Catha edulis) is a perennial green plant that is grown by grafting, a farming technique in which tissues are transferred from one plant to another. The qat tree can reach a height of 6-7 meters, and in ideal conditions it can reach 15-20 meters. Qat grows in highlands at an altitude of 1500 to 2500 meters above sea level, and is left for 3-4 years before the leaves are picked, although it needs an additional 6-7 years to reach full maturity.

**How ​​to neutralize the effect of qat**

 

Neutralizing the effect of qat depends on several factors, including the health condition of the user, the dose taken, and the amount of fluids consumed.The individual perished. Drinking large amounts of fluids can help speed up the process of neutralizing the effect of qat.

**How ​​can qat be neutralized before a drug test?**

 

Qat can be neutralized by stopping its use for a sufficient period before a drug test, allowing the body to get rid of the effects of the drug. It is important to note that some common methods of neutralizing qat, such as using herbs or reading the Qur’an, do not contribute to recovery from qat addiction, but may exacerbate the problem and make the person more inclined to the drug.

**Reasons for the spread of qat**

There are many reasons that led to the spread of qat, as it has become an integral part of social customs in some societies.

Qat is considered part of the local culture in certain countries, such as Yemen and some African countries, where its consumption in those societies is similar to drinking tea or any other common drink.

One of the factors that contribute to the spread of qat is the weakness of religious restraint, as individuals move away from adhering to religious teachings and ignore prohibitions, which makes qat consumption acceptable.

Negative friendships also play a role in encouraging individuals to use qat, which may lead to the deterioration of their morals and their transformation from good people to individuals who have fallen into the trap of addiction.

**Chemical composition:**

The reason for the feeling of euphoria while chewing qat is due to its containing the cathinone compound, which is a stimulating amine similar to amphetamine (Kalix and Brenden, 1985; Kalix, 1988, 1992). Qat leaves consist of three basic alkaloid compounds: cathion, norpseudoephedrine (or cathine), and norephedrine (Zondry, 1975; Shorno and Setteneguer, 1979). In addition, the leaves contain small amounts of essential oils such as sterols.

**How ​​long does qat stay in urine?**

 

The duration of qat in urine depends on several factors, such as the amount of use and the individual characteristics of the person, and usually ranges from 24 to 72 hours.

**How ​​can I reduce the effect of qat before a drug test?**

 

There is no guaranteed way to neutralize the effect of qat before a drug test, but some steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of its detection, such as:

- Drinking large amounts of water to increase urine production.

- Taking diuretics to increase urine output.

- Using herbal teas or other products that may help eliminate qat from the body.

**How ​​can I stop using qat quickly?**

 

Stopping qat can be a challenge, but there are some steps that can be taken to speed up the recovery process, such as:

- Seeking help from a doctor or addiction treatment specialist.

**Stages of the effect of qat:**

A researcher reviews the psychological stages he went through based on his personal experience after using qat for more than 20 years, as follows:

1. **Euphoria:** Users feel joy and excitement (Brenstein et al., 1990; Weidler et al., 1994). This stage lasts from one to two hours (Kalix and Brenden, 1985). This stage is common among young users, and occurs in every session.

2. **Enthusiastic discussion:** Qat users begin to discuss important issues with enthusiasm and awareness of the importance of the topics raised (Kalix and Brenden, 1985). They usually address public issues, then some of them separate to discuss their personal issues in secret.

3. **Sulaymaniyah hour:** This stage begins in the summer at 6:30 pm, and in the winter at 5:30 pm, as qat users prefer not to turn on the lights, and are content with silence and contemplation of nature. Their imagination is active, and they prefer to listen to local songs.

4. **Depression:** Before the session (locally known as khazina) ends, users tend to discuss their problems with a pessimistic outlook. The depression stage depends on the type of qat used, as some may decide to stop using it due to the severity of the depression (if the type is strong).

5-**Irritability**, loss of appetite, insomnia: This stage is characterized by an increase in the illusion of confidence, and scattered thoughts (difficulty concentrating on one topic) (Kalex and Brenden, 1985).

**How ​​can I quit qat quickly?**

 

If you want to get rid of qat as quickly as possible, it is recommended to go to a hospital specialized in treating addiction. On a 7-day detoxification program, which allows you to get rid of toxins without feeling any pain, through the use of a drug protocol that alleviates the symptoms of qat withdrawal and works to calm them completely.

**Qat Components**

Qat is a small flowering tree, and the parts used in the drug are the leaves and flower buds, whether fresh or dried. The leaves usually take two days to reach the stage of wilting and drying.

Scientists have studied the components and properties of qat, including the different shapes, tastes and smells, with the aim of preparing an official identification paper for this drug. The results showed that the most important components of qat, whether Yemeni or Ethiopian, are the active substance cathinone in addition to cathine, which are largely responsible for the narcotic effect. The chemical formula for cathinone is C9H13NO3, and scientists have found that the effect of these components is similar to the effect of stimulant amphetamines, but to a lesser degree.

However, qat contains many other small components that approach forty substances, the most prominent of which are:

- Amino acids and ascorbic acid.

- Flavonoids.

- Tannins.

- Citroles.

- Alkaloids such as phenylalkylamine and cathelene.

- Terpenoids.

- Glycosides.

- Mirocathinone.

- Mirocathin.

- Pseudomoecathin.

- Minerals.

- Vitamins.

**Dangers of chewing qat leaves**

Continuous chewing of qat leaves leads to multiple health risks, the most prominent of which are: microbial infections that increase the likelihood of mouth ulcers, bleeding gums, tooth decay, pain under the ribs, changes in white blood cells, and liver enlargement, often as a result of qat leaf contamination.

**Is qat Is it addictive?**

 

The World Health Organization has listed the qat plant as an addictive drug, as it creates a strong physical dependence. However, some countries, such as Yemen, allow its cultivation and consumption.

The qat plant contains a narcotic substance that affects the nervous system, leading to increased dopamine secretion and its accumulation in brain cells. The narcotic effect of qat appears within an hour of consuming it, and lasts for up to a whole day.

**Signs of qat users**

The effect of qat is similar to the effect of other drugs such as caffeine, as users become more talkative and show hyperactivity and a state of euphoria. Their imagination also expands and their disturbed thoughts increase.

Qat users suffer from mood swings that lead to aggressive behavior, and they may show symptoms of depression, which causes social problems and significant financial losses for addicts.

**When does the effect of qat begin?**

 

The effect of qat on the addict begins gradually, as its effect does not appear strongly and immediately as is the case with cocaine or crystal meth. Although many believe that khat is not addictive, but is used as a mood-enhancing drug only, research has shown that it can lead to addiction. If the addict does not start treating his addiction, he may face dire consequences.

**Qat Shape**

Fresh khat leaves are characterized by their strength, shine and freshness, as they closely resemble basil leaves, and their color is crimson brown. To maintain their freshness, they are wrapped with the buds in banana leaves. When dried, khat leaves tend to be green or yellow, and have a leathery texture. As for the smell of khat, it is usually vegetal and fragrant but not strong, and its taste is characterized by being pungent with a slight sweet aftertaste.

**Common names of khat**

The common names of khat vary, the most prominent of which are:

- Arabic or Abyssinian tea

- Chat

- Morongo

- Kofta

- Cat

- Mira

- Paradise flower

- Salahin

- Tohai

- Chat

- Bushman

- Jamaa

**Qat overdose: potential fatal health risks**

Qat sessions often last for long periods, which may lead to the person not realizing the amount he has consumed. This increases the risks of this plant, and makes it a cause of serious health problems, according to many recent medical studies and reports, especially with repeated use over a long period.

The most prominent potential risks of using qat are:

- Increased risk of heart attacks

- Increased risk of strokes

- Impaired fertility due to low sperm count and poor motility

- Difficulty breathing

- Liver poisoning or cirrhosis

- Migraine attacks

- Brain hemorrhage

- Lung diseases

- Decreased sexual desire

- Impaired sexual performance

**Health problems:**

There are many health problems associated with chronic use, and they can be classified according to organs or systems as follows:

**Bladder:** Taking qat reduces the rate of urine flow, which means a decrease in the amount of urine excreted during a certain period.

**Digestive system (stomach and intestines):** Tannin, a component of qat, is considered a cause of gum disease and inflammation of the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Some studies have shown a relationship between qat and the occurrence of intestinal ulcers (such as duodenal ulcers) and malnutrition. Constipation is also one of the most common health problems among khat users. In addition, there is an association between khat chewing and brown discoloration of the oral cavity.

**Liver:** Increased concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and total bilirubin indicate liver toxicity. In one study, histopathological changes showed liver toxicity after feeding rabbits khat for three months.

**Reproductive system:** It is known that khat can cause spermatorrhea (involuntary ejaculation) usually when urinating for the first time after a session of use. A study was conducted to compare khat addicts with non-users.

**Cardiovascular system:** A study of 157 patients with acute myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit showed that the proportion of chronic khat users was 79% (124 patients). Khat consumption poses a risk for myocardial ischemic disease. In terms of cardiovascular complications, the prevalence of hemorrhoids among chronic users was estimated at 65%, while among non-users it was only 4%.

**Respiratory system:** Qat increases the desire to smoke tobacco, and is also associated with exposure to secondhand smoke (being around smokers).

**Psychological and physical symptoms of qat use**

 

Qat affects various body systems, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, and other systems. Recent studies have shown that qat use is associated with increased mortality rates directly or indirectly. Symptoms resulting from its use include:

**Physical symptoms:**When symptoms resulting from qat addiction appear, it becomes necessary for the user to consider treatment to avoid serious complications. Common physical symptoms include:

- Increased breathing rate

- High blood pressure

- Irregular heartbeat

- Stomach disorders

- Constipation and hemorrhoids

- Tooth decay

- Gum ulcers

**Psychological symptoms:** Treating qat addiction can help get rid of psychological and physical symptoms. All you need is to engage in a drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation program, which will enable you to return to your normal life and get rid of the psychological symptoms caused by qat use, such as:

**Mental health disorder**

Depression

Mood changes

Hallucinations

Paranoia

Aggressive behavior

Insomnia

Loss of appetite.

**The harms of qat to the human body**

The harms of qat to the human body are many, the most prominent of which are:

- Qat causes constipation, which creates a suitable environment for the growth of bacteriaAnd worms.

- Leads to decreased bowel movement.

- May cause hemorrhoids.

- Negatively affects the esophagus, leading to inflammation or ulcers.

- Causes loss of appetite.

- Weakens the immune system, which increases the likelihood of developing multiple diseases.

- Contains toxic substances that may damage the liver, leading to viral and liver diseases.

- Negatively affects kidney function, and increases the risk of stone formation over time.

- Contributes to the exacerbation of chronic diseases and disrupts the body's ability to recover.

- Causes vascular diseases and atherosclerosis.

- Increases the likelihood of heart disease.

- Leads to high blood pressure.

**The harms of qat to women's bodies**

Qat is a major risk to pregnant women, as studies have shown that its pseudoephedrine content can negatively affect the fetus through the placenta.

This can destroy the fetus's blood vessels, affecting its nutrition and impairing its growth. In some cases, this may result in the birth of babies with lower than normal weights or even miscarriage.

In addition, qat contains components such as cathine and cathinone, which may negatively affect fertility and reduce the chances of pregnancy.

Qat also affects breastfeeding women, as it reduces the amount of milk and affects its quality.

**Benefits of qat**

Some people believe that consuming qat has certain benefits, so we will review them before discussing the harms in a comprehensive manner. These benefits include:

1. **Stimulating the nervous system** Qat stimulates the nervous system, which enhances cognition and helps treat muscle spasms, swallowing and breathing difficulties, and also helps relieve chest tightness problems.

2. **Treatment of depression and stress** At the beginning of its use, qat can help relieve psychological disorders, leading to a reduction in anxiety, depression and stress attacks. It also improves mood, as it gives a feeling of pleasure and euphoria and increases the body's activity.

3. **Help in weight loss** Qat helps reduce appetite, which helps in losing weight and getting rid of excess fat.

4. **Bronchial dilation** Qat helps in dilating the bronchi, which helps in treating lung problems and relieving coughing, and also helps in relieving chest pain.

5. **Regulating blood sugar levels** Although qat does not treat diabetes, it can help in regulating blood sugar levels, but it is not an effective treatment for this disease.

Indeed, qat has certain benefits for women, as it can increase the chances of pregnancy and childbirth, but use should be moderate. Excessive consumption can have serious effects on pregnancy, as it leads to weakening the placenta, which causes malnutrition of the fetus inside the womb, and thus may result in fetal malformations.

It also has negative effects on the central nervous system of the fetus.

In addition, it can lead to a reduction in the amount of natural milk in the mother, as it affects the secretion of the hormone prolactin.

For men, qat can increase sexual ability and erectile strength, and it also contributes to prolonging the life of sperm inside the vagina, which enhances their fertility.

**Steps for medical treatment of qat addiction in the correct way**

1. **Examination and diagnosis stage:** At this stage, the doctor conducts a comprehensive examination of the patient's physical and mental condition, and may require tests to determine the presence of qat in the body.

2. **Rehabilitation stage for treatment:** Here, the doctor helps the patient prepare to stop using qat, and this includes discussing the potential benefits of treatment and the risks associated with relapse.

3. **Detoxification stage:** At this stage, the doctor works to help the patient get rid of qat from his body, and this may include using certain medications or providing psychological treatment.

4. **Psychological and behavioral rehabilitation stage:** During this stage, the doctor directs the patient to learn how to deal with the pressures and motivations that may lead to a return to using qat, and this process may include psychological or behavioral therapy.

5. **Follow-up phase after recovery:** In this phase, the doctor continues to follow up on the patient’s condition after the end of treatment to ensure continued recovery.